This is for caffeine, since the title is just generic stimulants, I thought it would be applicable. The caffeine molecule is structurally similar to adenosine, and is capable of binding to adenosine receptors on the surface of cells without activating them, thereby acting as a competitive inhibitor. Once in the brain, the principal mode of action is as a nonselective antagonist of adenosine receptors (in other words, an agent that reduces the effects of adenosine). Because caffeine is both water-soluble and lipid-soluble, it readily crosses the blood–brain barrier that separates the bloodstream from the interior of the brain. There has also been conclusive evidence that caffeine inhibits acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine. Consumption of caffeine can increase these neurotransmitters. The adenosine receptor A2a suppresses neurotransmitters such as glutamate, epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, acetylcholine, and to a lesser extent, serotonin. 116 In ZSF1 rats, an animal model of obesity, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome. 115 Caffeine was chronically administered to rats for 30 days, which increased frontal cortex NE and cerebellar MHPG. high doses in some animal species is known to produce abnormal dopamine. Caffeine antagonizes the adenosine receptors nonselectively, along with the adenosine receptor A2a. In rats, long-term caffeine intake decreased circulating catecholamines in animals fed high fat and high sucrose diets, leading to decreased insulin resistance and lowered blood pressure. It means that the effect of the drug (Adderall XR) will stay for longer than its.
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